Growth and production of groundnut encyclopedia of life. The flowers of the plant develop a stalk which enters into the soil, forms a pod containing generally two seeds. Native to tropical south america, the peanut was at an early time introduced to the old world tropics. Apical dominancethe tendency of an apical bud to produce hormones that suppress growth of buds below it on the stem. Groundnut cake is a livestock feed, mostly used by cattle as protein supplements. Groundnut or peanut arachis hypogea tikka disease of groundnut pathogen disease incited by a fungus cercospora personata. Annuals are said to go from seed to seed in 1 year or growing season.
Recommended practices at major growth stages covering pre and post harvest operations with illustrative pictures. According to dymock this plant reached india through china. The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober us, or monkey nut uk, and taxonomically. As a legume, the peanut belongs to the botanical family fabaceae. Botany one is a weblog produced by the annals of botany company. Ethnological studies of the major indian tribes of south america document the widespread culture of groundnut and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the spanish conquest. The groundnut pods the peanuts in their shells grow at the end of these anchors. This is a unique botanical peculiarity in the plant world. The groundnut plant produces runners horizontal stems which in turn produce flowers at each node. The book will be invaluable to all those involved with the group, particularly agronomists, plant scientists and food scientists. Zahran 1,2natural products department, national center for radiation research and technology, nasr city,cairo, egypt. Oil cake is used as animal feed and organic manure. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. These flowers selfpollinate and produce an anchor or peg which penetrates the ground.
The groundnut belongs to the pea and bean family and is a legume. The topsoil must thus have a low clay content less than 20% with a loose. The groundnut or peanut is one of the important legume crops of tropical and semiarid tropical countries, where it provides a major source of edible oil and vegetable protein. Groundnut or peanut arachis hypogea botany study material. During this period, they germinate, grow, mature, bloom, produce. The annals of botany company is a limited company registered in england no. That means that most colleges and universities will have a botany or plant science degree in their natural science or biology department. Groundnut, any of several plants that bear edible fruit or other nutlike parts. Apr 22, 2019 once underground, their fruits peanuts mature below ground. Once underground, their fruits peanuts mature below ground. Most of the ones i find look like dark brown lumpy eggs.
Upadhyaya international crop research institute for the semi arid tropics, patancheru 502 324. The plant was introduced by portuguese into africa from where it was introduced into north america. Sep 02, 2014 papervi ecology and utilization of plants. The cultivated groundnut or peanut arachis hypogaea l. Service oriented architecture it6801 question bank pdf free download. Early explorers found it cultivated extensively in both mesoamerica and south america.
An overview of peanut and its wild relatives ainfo. Women were encouraged to study botany as it was considered to be an acceptable activity for women. Groundnuts can be pea size to baseball size, smooth or lumpy. Groundnut botany, cultivation and economic importance youtube.
Apois americana, also called wild bean and potato bean, the. This plant is native to south america and has never been found uncultivated. An annual, such as a zinnia, completes its life cycle in 1 year. The oil cake of groundnut is an important cattle feed. Peanut plant tops and crop residues can be used for hay. Peanut was probably domesticated in paraguay or bolivia around seven thousand years ago, and is now cultivated throughout the tropical and warmtemperate zones of the world. Ground nut botanical name arachis hypogaea l ground. Despite of the many useful properties of this pulse, it remains a neglected. In this article we will discuss about the history and uses of groundnut. The plant after removing the pod, both dried and fresh is a good cattle feed. Alphabetical list of crops with botanical name and crop code crop name botanical name icc code previous code 1 abaca manila hemp musa textilis 92 2. Deshelled groundnuts were manually cleaned for small nut which are not deshelled and also for clay balls. Seed viability constants for groundnut annals of botany.
The legume arachis hypogaea, commonly known as peanut or groundnut, is a very important food crop. Unshelled groundnut after post harvest drying clay sticking on shells. Jane loudon, the mrs beeton of the victorian gardening world, wrote several popular books on horticulture and botany specifically for women. I believe that the handbook on farmers guide to profitable groundnut production in nigeria will become. Biocontrol potential of rust of groundnut by acremonium obclavatum. Rossette groundnut rosette assistor virus grav, groundnut rosette virus and groundnut rosette satellites symptoms the affected plants are characterized by the appearance of dense clump or dwarf shoots with tuft of small leaves forming in a rosette fashion. Botany basics professional and continuing education. Introduction to the guide how to use this guide a special note how to contribute table of contents. India, china, nigeria, senegal, sudan, burma and the usa are the major groundnut producing countries of the world. The groundnut plant is a variable annual herb, which grows up to 50 cm.
In the 18th century, botany books were mostly written for a female audience. Initiation and morphogenesis of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Concepts of botany algae pdf 21p this note contains explanation of algae, structure of alage and its classification. Oil plant groundnut economic importance study material and. Groundnut oil is used to a limited extent in soap making. In fact the name of the species hypogaea in greek means underground, hence in english peanut is also called groundnut.
It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. The plant was introduced by portuguese into africa from where it. College botany volume 2 saras publication books for. After cleaning the desheller machine we deshelled the groundnuts 14. The contents of this documents are dichotomous key to. It originated in south america, where the genus arachis is widely distributed. Nitrogenfixing activity in two nodulated african legumes, bambara groundnut vigna subterranea l. But it is considered as nut because of its high nutritional value.
India, china, nigeria, senegal, sudan, burma and the usa are the major groundnutproducing countries of the world. Nitrogenase activity was unimpaired by the supply of 5 mol m. Considering the favourable environment in the broad beds and furrows system for the development of groundnut pods, with a little modification in the size, beds are to be formed for the polyethylene film mulched groundnut. Gomes, seed viability constants for groundnut, annals of botany, volume 82, issue 5, november 1998, pages 691694. They become mature in about two months, when the leaves of the plant turn yellow. Chapter 1botany basics 5 plant life cycles based on its life cycle, a plant is classified as either an annual, biennial, or perennial. The aim of the weblog is to alert plant scientists around the world to interesting and topical news about plants. The groundnut is the only nut that grows below the earth.
Pea nut flour is also made which is used as wheat flour. Nodule function in symbiotic bambara groundnut vigna. The origin and history of the groundnut springerlink. The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober us, or monkey nut uk, and taxonomically classified as arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. May 20, 2015 partially matured groundnut by eighty days 11. The natural distribution of all the arachis species is confined to argentina, bolivia, brazil, paraguay and uruguay krapovickas, 1973.
Early on, peanuts were viewed as an inferior food used mainly for feeding hogs to produce soft pork the civil war marked a turning point for the peanut as both sides used it as a source of food history of us peanut production. Pdf groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its. The groundnut or peanut is one of the important legume crops of tropical and. Vara prasad department of agronomy, kansas state university, manhattan, ks 66506, us vijaya gopal kakani department of plant and soil science, oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok 74078, us hari d. Heath benefits of eating groundnuts new vision group. Whether you call it botany, plant science or plant biology, it is one of the worlds oldest natural sciences. Groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its multifarious uses including oil production, direct human consumption as food and also animal consumption in the form of hay, silage and. Ground nut botanical name arachis hypogaea l ground nut. Groundnut botany, cultivation and economic importance. Botany basics pdf 92p this note covers the following topics.
Groundnuts peanuts are of great economic importance internationally. A farmers guide to profitable groundnut production in nigeria. Three are members of the family fabaceae or leguminosae. Introduction information and library network centre. The groundnut pod is produced underground at the tip of the pegs. Broad beds and furrows method of groundnut cultivation is a proven technology from icrisat. First year groundnuts are light yellow to reddish brown, and small.
Gymnospermae, angiospermae, monocots, dicots, plant life cycles, perennials, external plant parts, stems, types of plants and their stem, leaves, types of leaves, leaf venation, leaf base shapes, flower structure, fruit, types of fruit, seeds, germination. These countries together accounts for a total area of. Cambiuma layer of growing tissue that separates the xylem and phloem and. The main stem of the groundnut plant puts out runners narrow stems. Remnant pericarp fruit hull tissue recovered from archaeological sites in peru dates its purposeful agricultural use there at approximately 39003750 years before the present ybp. This was not known in the old world before the discovery of america. Remnant pericarp fruit hull tissue recovered from archaeological sites in peru dates its purposeful agricultural use there at. Cultivated groundnuts are divided into two large botanical groups, virginia and. Seed viability constants for groundnut, annals of botany, volume 82, issue 5. Groundnut kernels contain 4753% oil and 2536% protein. Peanut, arachis hypogaea, also called groundnut, earthnut, or goober, legume of the pea family fabaceae, grown for its edible seeds. Dec 16, 2017 the main stem of the groundnut plant puts out runners narrow stems. Biocontrol potential of rust of groundnut by acremonium.
Acremonium obclavatum was frequently found associated with pustules of the rust fungus puccinia arachidis on groundnut in madras, india. Free botany books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. The groundnut pods the peanuts in their shells grow at the end of. These, in turn, produce anchors that grow vertically into the soil. It is generally distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate zones. Groundnut breeding program in burkina faso gets a boost with seven new improved groundnut varieties 20 dec 2019 more than 20 years after the last groundnut seed variety was registered in the seed catalog, the groundnut breeding program in west. Groundnut also contains genistein, a known anticarcinogenic compound.
1470 1350 1298 279 1684 812 452 142 321 394 806 2 1219 1355 1033 1555 971 373 1313 165 1040 1471 261 885 574 954 1039 858 373 1156 464 733 1082 659 241 558 1204 1478 779 220 893 623