Thomas wright 2009 has found that when employees have high levels of psychological wellbeing and job satisfaction, they perform better and are less likely to leave their jobs. I, hamed alsemeri, declare that the dba thesis entitled the factors affecting job satisfaction. This actual self is compared with their selfguides, the kind of person they want or desire to be e. The first research work in the field of consumers satisfaction and the later studies in the field of service perceived quality jiang, klein and crampton, 2000. Lockes 1969 opinion stated as discrepancy theory, suggests that job satisfaction grows out of the feeling that what things the individual think as important for himself, not meeting the need of the individual. This study found moderate differences in correlations between communication and job satisfaction using a discrepancy framework when high. The relationship between work environment and job satisfaction in hotel industry iii declaration we hereby declare that. According to the contrast theory, any discrepancy of experience from expectations will be exaggerated in the. Research shows literature, a variety of similar definitions describing job satisfaction.
Job satisfaction ppt job satisfaction industrial and. His theory is known as the opponent process theory. Oct 05, 2015 the satisfaction turnover relationship also is affected by alternative job prospects. Discrepancy between role expectations and job descriptions. Pdf discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research.
Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job. Thomas wright 2009 has found that when employees have high levels of psychological wellbeing and job satisfaction, they perform better and. A miniature difference sets out job satisfaction as being high and a huge difference would mean the employee is less satisfied with the job. A study of the relationships between job satisfaction and. Though built in large part on vrooms expectancy model. The most widely accepted theory of job satisfaction was proposed by locke 1976, who defined job satisfaction as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences locke, 1975, p. This theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction comes from what they feel is important rather than. Different theories have been improved about job satisfaction. Western michigan university, 2002 given the magnitude of importance in the role of the school principal, it is important to understand some of the job satisfaction factors related to the retention of.
The discrepancy theory is concerned on what the workers are expecting and. Discrepancy theor y described the study of inevitable irregularities of distributions, in measuretheoretic and combinatorial settings. This study will explain the existence of this discrepancy, measure its impacts, and test personal characteristics that may moderate any negative outcomes. Job satisfaction therefore is a measurement of job and work expectations and not just an overall holistic attitudinal manifestation.
Results of discrepancy analyses were somewhat supportive of overrating being associated with greater well. A comparison requires that each individual establish an anchor, have a contextdependent state of nature to compare to the anchor, realize individual expectations or perceptions of both the anchor. First, we describe the use of discrepancy theory in other disciplines relevant to is research. Influence of work life balance on job satisfaction of. He suggested that the primary reaction the immediate emotional response combined with the secondary reaction the later emotional response creates a stabilized equilibrium which results in job satisfaction. Herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not two opposite ends of the same continuum, but instead are two separate and, at times, even unrelated concepts. Four approaches can be identified in the theoretical work on satisfaction. Self discrepancy theory proposes that people represent a negative life event as saying something about their current state, their actual self now.
Determinants of job satisfaction among teachers in vietnam. Another theory is the job characteristics model, probably one of the most jobfocused theories of job satisfaction used. Motivating factors like pay and benefits, recognition and achievement need to be met in order for an employee to be satisfied with. Selfdiscrepancy theory over the years many different facets of the self or selfimages have been identified. A study of michigan high school principals david a.
Otherwise, lack of satisfaction as well as dissatisfaction should be expected. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The last theory used to explain job satisfaction was proposed by landy. The concept of job satisfaction is multifaceted hence a number of theories are advanced to explain what it means and how the theories could be applied to enhance employee performance. The implication of herzberg is theory is that in a formal organization such as unicem, employees i satisfaction or dissatisfaction will depend on the availability of the conditions and incentives outlined above. Many theorists have tried to come up with an explanation for why people feel the way they do in regards to their job. Several other main theories on job satisfaction attracting the attention of researchers include discrepancy theory of locke 1969, equity theory of adams 1965, and expectancy theory of vroom 1964. He 15 explains job satisfaction in four basic conditions.
Concept that when people become aware of a deficiency in their competence they are motivated to learn, and the anxiety caused by the discrepancy between what they know and what they need to know drives them to make the required effort change of behavior. Locke developed the idea known as discrepancy theory. Some of the most important theories of job satisfaction and their impacts on workers are as follows. The fulfillment theory which explains the reaching of the thing needed.
Determinants of job dissatisfaction among employees in. Job satisfaction ppt free download as powerpoint presentation. A discrepancy theory of the relationship between communication and job satisfaction. Another important factorvariable that should be included to predict job satisfaction accurately is the strength of the individuals desire of his level of aspiration in a particular area. This led to the development of the discrepancy theory of job satisfaction. This model lists five features of a job that can affect a person, three of which skill variety, task identity, task significance can affect an employees perception of how meaningful the work is. A discrepancy theory of the relationship between communication. One of the most important theories which explain the job satisfaction is lawlers theory. Fulfilment theory was the first approach to develop. It has been accepted for inclusion in scripps senior theses by an authorized administrator of scholarship.
Abraham maslows hierarchy of needs on the needs fulfillment theory has already been discussed in the section of motivation. In the end, the research results showed that, the job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational climate of teachers in rural areas are higher than those of those in urban areas. It is generally perceived to be directly linked to productitivty as well as to personal wellbeing. Essentially, satisfaction is said to be derived from a comparative process that considers a prior formed impression about an. Furthermore, this theory predicts that discrepancies between what is desired and received are dissatisfying only if the job facet is important to the individual. Self discrepancy theory over the years many different facets of the self or selfimages have been identified. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work e. A study on comparing the relationship among organizational.
Job satisfaction is a workers sense of achievement and sucess on the job. Different situational factors or eventsat work may move a workertemporarily from this steady state, butthe worker will eventually return tohis or her equilibrium level. A persons importance rating of a variable is referred to as how much of something is wanted. Lockes range of affect theory 1976 is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in. Discussion of the results ties this study to relevant research from a self. Moreover, findings about satisfaction level of employees and recommendations for the institution are presented in the report.
Theories of job satisfaction explained with example. Key findings linking employee satisfaction with productivity, performance, and customer satisfaction pdf. The discrepancy theory, difference, contradiction and conflict theory. Western michigan university, 2002 given the magnitude of importance in the role of the school principal, it is important to understand some of.
Theories of job satisfaction theoretical framework job. Discrepancy theory describes job satisfaction in three aspects. The most popular is the one by locke 2007 which describes job satisfaction as a pleasurable or. It was suggested by locke 1969 that job satisfaction was a positive or pleasurable reaction. Jun 12, 20 the steadystate theory each worker has a typical orcharacteristic level of job satisfaction,called the steady state or equilibriumlevel. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Models of job satisfaction affect theory organizational. Job satisfaction, analytic hierarchy process, job satisfaction survey. Discrepancy theory research, is the study of this difference between an a prior state and subsequent perception. The satisfaction turnover relationship also is affected by alternative job prospects. Locke s range of affect theory 1976 is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. Discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. Within the literature, one of the first definitions of job satisfaction were described by hoppock, 1935, when he defined the construct as being any number of psychological, physiological, and environmental circumstances which leads a person to express satisfaction with their job.
Job satisfaction in law enforcement is important because it promotes continuity of a professional and cohesive police force that works well together, follows proper policy and procedures, and provides the services needed to the public. The theory suggests that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what an employee is getting from the job. In other words, the discrepancy between present aspects of the job and the aspect desired by the employee generates job dissatisfaction. Discrepancy theory provides broad coverage in explaining satisfaction. Lyman porter and edward lawler came up with a comprehensive theory of motivation, combining the various aspects that we have so far been discussing and using two additional variables in their model. The steadystate theory each worker has a typical orcharacteristic level of job satisfaction,called the steady state or equilibriumlevel. Theories of job satisfaction and their impacts on workers. Lawlers discrepancy theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction or. In this chapter, we present the versatility of discrepancy theory in the explanation and prediction of satisfaction in is research models and show how to avoid many of the analytical pitfalls.
While the theory of assimilation asserts that the consumers will try to minimize the expectationperformance discrepancy, the theory of contrast insists on a surprise effect that can lead to exaggerating the discrepancy. The results studied the effect of demographic variables such as pharmaceutical experience, educational level, and age on the job satisfaction. The concept of job satisfaction is multifaceted hence a number of theories are advanced to explain what it means and how the theories could be applied to. Job satisfaction in law enforcement officers according to. Another name of discrepancy theory is affect theory which is developed by edwin a. Determinants of job dissatisfaction among employees in formal.
Discrepancy theory suggests that dissatisfaction will occur when a. Job dissatisfaction and antagonistic relationship with co workers predict a variety of behaviors organizations fine undesirable including unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing and. After that, we discuss satisfaction used in is research starting with user satisfaction followed by employee job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is closely linked to that individuals behaviour in the work place davis et al. The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection. Selfdiscrepancy theory in social psychology iresearchnet. Personality traits and job satisfaction 4 proceedings of 2nd international conference on business management isbn. Locke in 1976 and is considered the most famous job satisfaction model. The basis of discrepancy theoryderived satisfaction is the cognitive comparison on the part of an individual. What are the different theories of job satisfaction.
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